I.形容词、副词的作用与位置
1.形容词是用来修饰名词的,常被放在名词前作定语,或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则用来修饰形容词、动词,其他副词或者句子,一般位于形容词之前,动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种情况须牢记:
①几个并列的形容词作定语,其语序通常为:
限定语(The、A)+ 描绘性形容词 + size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+origin(国籍、来源)+material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+名词;
a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,
the man's first tow interesting little red French oil paitings
熟记口诀就可以顺利解题:限定描绘大长高,形状年龄和新老,颜色国籍跟材料,作用类别往后靠。
②形容词短语作定语,定语后置;
a language difficult to master,
a leaning tower about 180 feet high
This is a student worth of praise.
They will turn their motherland into a country, beautiful and modern.
③表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等)作定语,定语后置;
a man alive:活着的人
有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语,ill如作定语意为"bad";
④形容词作定语修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时,通常后置;
I have something important to tell you.
⑤enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置,程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面,enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置;
⑥else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语;
⑦几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是:方式→地点→时间;
⑧频度副词如often、always、usually等在be动词后,行为动词前;
⑨副词作定语,定语后置;
The person there is waiting for you.
⑩复合形容词常用作定语,个别也可以作表语。
He was a 12-year-old boy. He is good-natured.
复合形容词的构成:
▲形容词+名词-ed:kind-hearted好心的,white-haired白发的
▲形容词+形容词:red-hot炽热的,dark-blue深蓝的
▲形容词+现在分词:good-looking好看的,easy-going随和的
▲副词+现在分词:hard-working勤劳的,fast-moving快速转动的
▲副词+过去分词:hard-won得来不易的,newly-made新建的
▲名词+形容词:life-long终生的,world-famous世界闻名的
▲名词+现在分词:peace-loving爱好和平的,fun-loving爱开玩笑的
▲名词+过去分词:snow-covered白雪覆盖的,hand-made手工的
▲数词+名词 + ed:four-storeyed 4层楼的,t hree-legged 3条腿的
▲数词+名词(名词用单数):ten-year 10年的, two-man两人的
2.形容词作伴随状语和原因状语
He spent 7days in the wind and snow,cold and hungry.
他在风雪中度过了7天,又冷又饿。
She stared into the distance, speechless for a long time.
她盯着远处看,好长时间不讲话。
Afraid of being caught,the thief hid himself under a bed.
因为害怕被抓,这个小偷藏在床下面。
II.连系动词与形容词
象get,grow,become,feel,appear,prove ,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,go,turn,remain等这些动词既可以用作为实义动词又可以用作连系动词,因而要根据上下文语境判断究竟是什么性质的动动词才能正确解题。 请看下面这道选择题:
▲We don't care if a hunting dog smells_____,but we really don't want him to smell____.
A. well; well B. bad; badly C. well; badly D. badly; bad
第一个"smell"是"闻起来"的意思,是连系动词,用形容词。第二个"smell"是实义动词,用副词来修饰;此外well作形容词是表示人身体好、气色好,用在此句中不行,只能作副词用。答案是B。句意是:"我们不在乎猎狗闻起来难闻,但是我们确实不希望它的嗅觉力差。
III.形容词、副词比较等级的用法
形容词、副词有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级,其构成形式如下:
规则变化:单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级
构成法原级比较级最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-esttalltallerTallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-stnicenicerNicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-estbigbiggerBiggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-estbusybusierBusiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-estclever
narrowcleverer
narrowerCleverest
Narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级important
easilymore important
more easilymost important
most easily
不规则变化
原级比 较级最高级
good/wellbetterBest
bad/illworseWorst
oldolder/elderoldest/eldest
much/manymoremost
littlelessleast
farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest
注意:many,old和far比较级及最高级用法的区别
①如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。
②old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer.
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
③far有两种比较级,farther,further..在英语中两者都可指距离。
在美语中,father表示距离,further表示进一步
I have nothing further to say.
1.原级的用法
表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时,用"as+原级形容词/副词+ as"的结构;表示双方不相等时,用"not so(as)+原级形容词/副词+ as"的结构;表示一方是另一方的若干倍时,用"倍数+ as+原级形容词/副词+ as"的结构。
Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.
This building looks not so (as)high as that one.
Miss Xu speaks English as fluently as you .
This room is three times as large as that one.
2.比较级的用法
①双方比较,表示一方超过另一方时,用"比较级+than"的结构表示;
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
注意:
▲比较对象的一致性
请看下面这道选择题:
The weather in China is different from__ __.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
▲要避免将主语包含在比较对象中
(错)China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
▲注意比较对象的省略或隐藏:有时省略或不点明被比较的对象,而是通过语境来暗示被比较的对象。
请看下面这两道选择题:
If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at scho ol.
A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time
本题将比较的对象隐藏在虚拟条件句中,即:与没有考试的时候相比。本题答案选D。
I don't think this film is by far the most boring.I have seen____________.
A. better B. worse C. the best D. the worst
由前文"我认为这部电影不是最没趣的"可知,"我看过(比这部)更差的电影",省略了than this one。本题答案是B。
It takes a long time to go there by train; it's ________by road.
A. quick B. the quickest C. much quick D. quicker
由语境可知,句末省略了than by train,用比较级。本题答案是D。
②表示一方不及另一方时,用"less+原级+than"的结构表示;
This room is less beautiful than that one.
③表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay等修饰;
He works even harder than before.
注意:by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面,如在前面,应在二者中
间加"the"。
He is taller by far than his broth









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