语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）

一、动词的分类和形式：

动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。

1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为："谓语动词"和"非谓语动词"两种

2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。

3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。

4、五种不同的短语动词：1）"动词+介词"；2）"动词+副词"；3）"动词+副词+介词"；4）"动词+名词（或代词）+介词"；5）"be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词"。

二、动词的时态：

1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。）

2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。

3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。

4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）

5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。

6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。

8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。

9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

练习一：动词时态与语态（1）

1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.

A. is playingB. playsC. was playing D. played

2. She ______ the door before she goes away.

A. had lockedB. is locking C. has locked.  D. was locking.

3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.

A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching

4. What _____ if I drink this?

A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened

5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.

A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let

6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.

A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would

7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.

A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came

8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.

A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done

9. "Has he seen this film?"" Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "

A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing

10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.

A. went to; is coming         B. has gone to; will come

C. has been to; will be         D. is going to; has come

11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.

A. has washedB. washedC. had been washing  D. was washed

12. I haven't finished my composition.I ______ for two hours and a half.

A. have written it                 B. have been writing it

C. wrote it                       D. am writting it

13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,

A. go to    B. will go to    C. have been to   D. have gone to

14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.

A. didn't sayB. couldn't speak toC. said      D. didn't tell

15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.

A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built

16. " When ______ school begin?"" Next Monday. "

A. has B. does C. did D. is going to

17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.

A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return

18. I _____ here since I moved here.

A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working

19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.

A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone

20. It was said that his father ______.

A. has died B. died.  C. has been dead D. had died

21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.

A. had come B. came C. will come D. come

22._____six years since I began studying English.

A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are

23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.

A. have gone toB. have been toC. have been inD. have gone into

24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "

A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met

25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "

A. it was not being held        B. they didn't hold

C. it had not held               D. they were holding it

26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.

A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped

27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "

A. did you put/have put       B. have you put/put

C. had you put/was putting     D. were you putting/have put

28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.

A. had enjoyed   B. was enjoyingC. enjoyed       D. had been enjoying

29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.

A. come B. came C. will come D. coming

30. ______ you ______?

A. Do/marry     B. Have/marriedC. Have/been marriedD. Are/married

31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.

A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold

32. "This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "

A. washes/lasts   B. is wa