第一讲 现在完成时和现在完成进行时

Summary:

   英语的动词时态有四种：一般时态、进行时态、完成时态和完成进行时态。现在完成时的构成公式为：have/has+过去分词；

现在完成进行时的构成公式为：have/has been +现在分词。

现在完成时的基本例句:

1)We have lived here since1995.

2)I have been to Japan twice.

3)Joan has just finished her homework

其中，(2)(3)描述的是过去发生而与现在情况有关的事物或状态，（1）描述的是从过去某时到现在为止这一段时间中发生的情况。

▲总之，现在完成时表现的是从过去到现在的事情。

一、现在完成时的形式 

A→现在完成时的肯定句

句型：主语（I、we、you第三人称复数）+have+过去分词

      主语（第三人称单数）+has+过去分词

例：1）I have been busy all the day.

2) My father has read today's paper.

3)  I have just written the letter.

B→现在完成时的否定句

句型：主语 + have/has + not + 过去分词

例：1）The concert hasn't/has not started yet.

2)They haven't gotten to London yet.

C→现在完成时的一般疑问句

例：1）Has the concert started?

2) Have you friend your homework?

D→现在完成时的特殊疑问句，分两种情况

a.疑问句词作主语时

句型：疑问句（主语）+have/has+过去分词+……？

例：1）Who has/have bought these apples?

  2)Who has made her so sad?

B→疑问词作主语以外的成分时

句型：疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+……？

例：1)How long have you live here?

2)How many times have you been to Spain?

二、现在完成时的用法

1、概述

形式      have/has过去分词用法意义

继续表示从过去继续到现在的动作或状态

经验表示过去某一是可到现在的经验

完成表示现在刚完成的动作

成果表示现在是"做了……"的结果

例：1）继续 He has been sick since last week.

2) 经验 I have visited Tokyo twice.

        Have you ever been to Hawaii?

3) 完成 I have just finished my homework. 

        Has he finished his work yet?

4) 结果 My father has become a lawyer.

        I have lost my dictionary.

下面分别阐述其用法

2、表示继续的现在完成时

例：1）肯定句：Li Ming's elder brother has studied in Beijing university for about three years.

    2)否定句：We haven't seen each other all this month.

    3)疑问句：How long have you know your boy friend?

A→基本用法

表示继续意义的现在完成时，说明过去的动作一直延续到现在，也就是说从过去某时开始

的动作、状态一直持续到现在。此时，往往用和现在有关的表示一段时间的时间状语。

例：1）I began to study English three years ago.(过去试)

   2）I still study English now.(现在式)

   3）I have studied English since three years ago.

图示：                     

现在时

▲牢记：表继续的动词

have known 已经认识了      have studied  已经学习了

have worked ； have been to； have used ；have taught ；have stayed;

have wanted to; have lived

▲B→常用的时间状语

表示继续的现在完成时，常和下列时间状语连用

for+时间段   since+过去某时   all this week  

often     today     recently    all day

up to now  直到现在  so far 到目前为止

lately    always    till/until now   

in the past years

these days

this  week

during the past （years、month）

3、表示经验的现在完成时

例：1）肯定句：I have seen the film three times.

2) 否定句：I've never seen the film.

3)疑问句：Have you ever been to U.K.?

A→基本用法

表示经验的现在完成时，说明从过去起到现在的经验，即从过去到现在之间曾经经历过或做过的事情。

B→常用的时间状语

  Often, ever, before, never, once, twice, times, many times

C→ have/has been的用法

形式意义用法

Have/has been to 表示"曾经去过……"经验

表示"到 … 去过了…"完成

Have/has been in表示"曾在……"经验

表示"一直在……"继续

例：a.  have been to

I have been to the summer palace twice.(经验)

I have been to the museum to see the exhibition.(完成)

    b. have been in

Have you ever been in America?(经验)

We have been in home for the whole day.(继续)

插曲：be 动词的过去分词

Be动词的过去分词不管主语的人称和数都要用been表示

例：We have been tired these days

区别：I am happy.（一般现在时）

      I was happy.（一般过去时）

      I have been happy.（现在完成时）

4．表示完成，结果的现在完成时

例：1）My father has just gone out.(结果)

    2）I have closed the window.(完成)

    3）Mr.Li has gone to Australia.(结果)

A→表示完成的用法

I've just finished my homework.

They have gone to GuiLin.

B→表示结果的用法

例1、(1)I opened the door.

     (2)The door is open now.

     (3)I have opened the door.

例2、（1）John bought a dictionary.

     (2)Now John has a new dictionary.

     (3)John has bought a new dictionary.

▲牢记：表结果的现在完成时常见动词。

make  become  go  come  lose  grow  sell  buy  fall

C→常见的时间状语（副词）

already   just  yet→句末

       句中

三、现在完成时的注意事项

1、just now和just的区别      just now用在一般过去时

just用在现在完成时

例：1）We had an English lesson just now.

2) We have just had an English lesson.

2、today等时间状语的运用

运用today，this morning，this afternoon等时间状语时，时态要根据说话的具体情况而定。

例：1）He didn't do his homework this afternoon.他今天下午没有做功课。

       He hasn't done his homework this afternoon.他今天下午还没有做功课呢。

    2）He arrived here a little late today,because he got up late and didn't catch the bus.

    3)He has been very busy today.（截至到说话时，仍是在今天，他们很忙）

3、几种时态表示同一意思

例：1)He left china two years ago.

    2)It is two years since he left china.

    3)He has away from china for 2 years.

四、现在完成进行时

区别：现在完成时侧重于动作的结速或完成；而现在完成进行时侧重于动作的未结束和继续进行。

例：1）I have opened the can.

    2) I have been writing the letter since then.

1、现在完成进行时的形式：

1）主动语态：主语+have/has+现在分词（doing）

2）被动语态：主语+have/has been+过去分词(done)

例：Have you been waiting for him all the day?

2、用法

a.在强调动作还未结束，还要继续下去时，不能用现在完成时，而要用现在完成进行时。

例：I've been writing the composition for two hours,but I haven't finished it yet.

b.动作不包含持续意思的动词，要用现在完成进行时，表示延续到现在的动作。

例：The artist has been painting the painting.

c.现在完成进行时也用来表示一种在现在以前这个阶段反复发生的事。

例：He has promsing me to help you.Hasn't he done it?

d.有些动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。

1）表状态的动词   be， have，exist

2）表感情的动词   like，love，hate，detest

3）表示感觉的动词  see，hear，know，feel，sound

例：1）He has had a cold for a week.

2)I have heard the news since last week.

3、常用的时间状语：（与表继续的现在完成时相同）

for+时间；since; these years; recently; all the time; how long…

例：1）They have been talking all the night.

2) How long has it been raini