情态动词即一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。
情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列:
can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
情态动词的位置:
情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。
情态动词的特点:
情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 "not"。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。
used to的用法
基本用法特点:
1, used to的意思是"过去经常",其中的to是不定式符号,不是介词,所以其后接动词原形(不接动名词)。如:
He used to live in Paris. 他过去一直住在巴黎。
I used to write poetry when I was young.我年轻时常常写诗。
"Do you play golf?" "No, but I used to." "你打高尔夫球吗?""不打,但我过去打。"
2. 如何构成否定式和疑问式
used to作为情态动词,可直接在used后加not构成否定式,直接将used置于句首构成疑问式,但与一般的情态动词不同的,它也可像普通动词那样借助助动词did构成否定式和疑问式。如:
He usedn't to come. 他过去不常来。
You used to go there, usedn't you? 你过去常到那儿去,是吗?
Where did you use to live? 你过去是住哪儿的?
【注】在现代英语中,used to的否定式和疑问式通常借助助动词did构成(特别是在口语和非正式文体中),而直接将used作为助动词用通常被认为是非常正统或过时的用法。然而有趣的是,有时还可见到以下这种混合形式。如:
Did you used to be a teacher? 你过去是当老师的吗?
They didn't used to live here. 他们过去没住在这儿。
3. used to与副词连用时的位置
与often, always, never等副词连用时,通常置于副词之后,也可置于副词之前。如:
I always used to be afraid of dogs. 我过去老是怕狗。
He often used to sit outside the door of his house. 他过去常坐他家门口。
注意: 它通常不与具体的一般不能与表示次数(如twice, three times 等)或一段时间(如three months, five years等)的词连用。如:
A,正:I went to Paris three times. 我去过巴黎3次。 误:I used to go to Paris three times.
B,正:He lived in the country for three years. 他在乡下住过3年。
误:He used to live in the country for three years.
4. used to 与 be used to的用法比较
(1) used to 意为"过去经常",其中的 to 是不定式符号,后接动词原形。如:
(2) be used to 意为"习惯于",其中的to是介词,后接动词要用动名词。如:
He is used to living in the country. 他已习惯于住在乡下。
【注】① 若要强调从不习惯到习惯的过程,可用 get, become 等代替动词 be。如:
He has got used to looking after himself. 他已习惯于自己照顾自己。
② be used to 有时可能是动词 use 的被动语态结构 (此时意为"被用来",其中的 to 为不定式符号,其后要接动词原形)。如:
A hammer is used to drive in nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的。
5. used to 与would的用法比较
(1) 两者都表示过去的习惯,当表示过去习惯性的动作时,可互换。如:
When we were children we would go skating every winter. 我们小时候,每年冬天都去溜冰。
(2) 若表示过去持续的状态,通常只用used to,不用would。如:
He used to like you. 他原来还是喜欢你的。
He is not what he used to be. 他已不是从前的他了。
(3) 若要强调过去与现在的对比,也通常只用used to。如:
I don't smoke these days, but I used to. 我现在不抽烟,但我以前是抽的。
I used to drive to work but now I cycle. 过去我常驾车上班,但我现在骑自行车。
had better 的用法
1. had better的基本用法特点
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth had better not do sth
其意为"最好"、"应该",后接动词原形,与情态动词should用法相似,其中的had通常缩略为 'd。如:
You'd better get some sleep. 你最好去睡一会儿。
We had better go before it rains. 我们最好在下雨前就去。
2. had better如何构成否定式和疑问式
构成否定式时,通常将not置于had better之后(而不是had之后);而构成疑问式时,则通常将had(而不是had better)置于主语之前。如:
I'd better not disturb him.我最好别去打扰他。
What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办?
【注】在否定疑问句或反意疑问句中可将not与had连用。如:
Hadn't we better go now? 我们是不是现在就去呢?
3. had better后接进行式和完成式动词
有时后接动词的进行式,表示最好马上做某事;也可接完成式动词,表示最好做完某事或本该做某事而未做某事。
You'd better be getting your clothes ready. 你最好马上把衣服准备好。
You had better have done that. 你最好把那事做完。
You had better have stayed here. 你本来应该呆在这儿的。
4. 有关had better的几点用法说明
(1) had better 用于提出建议或请求时,并不是一个很客气委婉的表达,它暗示对方有义务去做某事,因此通常用于长辈对晚辈或上级对下级等,而不宜反过来用。
(2) had best与had better 用法和含义均差不多,但不如had better普通。如:
You had best get home before midnight.你最好在午夜之前回到家里。
We had best be going.我们最好现在就走。
(3) 有时可省略其中的had。如:
You better stop arguing.你们最好不要争论了。
Better not wait for him. 最好不要等他了。
Better say yes, if they ask you. 如果他们问你,你最好说"是"。
(4) 有时为了强调,可将better置于had之前。如:
"I promise I'll pay you back." "You better had." "我保证还给你。""你最好还给我。"
had better表示"最好"
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
情态动词shall ,will ,及should , would的用法
Should的用法
1.表示义务、责任、建议或劝告,有"应当、应该"的意思。例如:
1) You should learn from each other.
2) You shouldn't be so careless.
3) He should have told me the news earlier.
(should + have + 过去分词)表示对过去本该做的事而没有做,其否定形式是对过去本不做的事而做了的固定句型。
2.与why ,who ,how等词连用,表示意外、惊异等,有"竟会"等意思。例如:
1) How should I know?
2) Why should you be so late today?
3.用于表示建议、命令、决定等的从句中,有"应该、必须"的意思。例如:
1) The young doctor proposed that he should try the experiment on himself.
2) It was decided that we should start a cleanup at once.
4。表示可能性、推测或推论,有"可能、该"等意思。例如:
They should have arrived in Beijing by this time.
5.用于虚拟语气句子中,有"万一、竟然、就、该"等意思。例如:
1) Should it rain tomorrow (或If it should rain tomorrow ) ,the meeting would be postponed.
2) If the book were in the library ,you should have it. (should 在句子里表说话人的意愿)
3、Should 用于虚拟语气中。
1)用于It is necessary (important, strange...that...)中,在美国英语中should 常省去。
It is important that we (should) learn English well. 我们学好英语很重要。
2)用于It is ordered (suggested)that...中,而在美语中should常省去。
It is decided that we (should) finish our work in a week.
决定我们要在一周之内完成我们的工作。
(3)用于表示命令、请求、建议、决定等词后面的宾语从句中,在美国英语中should常省去。
He wrote, suggesting that Mr. Wang (should) come to Beijing. 他信中建议王先生到北京来。
The commander ordered that the city (should) be taken in five days.
司令员下令必须在五天之内占领这座城市。
(4)should用于表示命令、请求、建议、决定等词后面的表语从句,同位语从句中,在美国英语中should 常省去。
We all agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
我们都同意他的意见,去北京观光。
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first. 我的意见是我们先做练习题。
4、在条件状语从句中,should 表示"万一",即可表示不能实现的假设,又可表示可以实现的假设。
If he should fail to come, ask Comrade Cheng to work in his place.万一他不来,就叫陈同志代替他的工作。
Should it rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. 万一明天下雨,会议就延期。
5、在某些从句中,should 表示惊异、意外等情绪,常译为"竟然"。
It seems unfair that this should happen to me. 真不公平,这件事竟然发生在我身上。
6、should 用于主句中,主语是第一人称,表示某一条件下所产生的必然结果,并与事实相反;当主语是第二、三人称时,表示说话人或执笔人的意志或看法。
If I met her, I should tell her about it. 如果我碰到他,我肯定会将此事告诉他。
If he had much money, he should buy it. 如果他有很多钱的话,我就让他买了。
7、当陈述部分含有ought to ,其反意疑问句部分,美国英语中用should 。
She ought to stay here, shouldn't her? 她该留在这儿,是吗?
8、用于成语中 I should like to..."我想(做)......"
I should like to ask the teacher a question. = I should love to ask the teacher a question. 我想问老师一个问题.
ought to 的用法
ought to do 表示"现在或将来应当作某事"。
You ought to work harder than that.你应当更努力地工作。
You ought to wear a raincoat.你应该穿件雨衣。
She ought to finish by next week.下星期她该完成了。
You ought to do it today.
You ought to to it tomorrow.
▲ought to have done 表示"本应当已经做了某事,而实际并没有做",
A 表示"本应当已经做了某事,而实际并没有做",有时含有责备之意。
I ought to have phoned Kate this morning, but I forgot.
今天早上我本应当大电话给凯特,但是我却忘记了。
She ought to have had more consideration for you.
她本应当更多的体谅你。(有责备之意)
B 表示"本推测某事已经发生。"
If he had started at nine o'clock, he ought to have been in London by eleven o'clock.
如果他是在9点出发的话,那他11点钟该到达伦敦了。
▲ought to 接被动语态
He certainly ought to be promoted.他当然应当被提升。
Something ought to be done about it.关于这件事,真应当采取措施了。
难道你不认为那种人应当除掉吗?
▲ought to 用于疑问句
Ought he to go? Yes, he ought to.他应当走吗?是的,他得走。
Should we begin soon? Yes, we ought (to).我们马上开始吗? 是的,我们马上开始。
▲ought to 用于附加问句
We ought to go now, shouldn't we?(美国用法)=
We ought to go now, oughtn't we?(英国用法)
▲ought to 用于否定句
He ought not (to) do that.他不应做那种事。
I oughtn't (to) go on living this way.我不应当继续过这样的日子了。
You oughtn't to have spoken to her in that way.你本不应当以那样的方式同她说话。
▲ought to 用于间接引语
注意:
ought to 用于间接引语保持原来的形式。
She told him he ought not to do it.她告诉他不要做那事。
▲ought to 何时可以省略 to, 在英国英语,to 不能省略。
在美国英语,在疑问句和否定句中,尤其是带缩写的句子中, to 有时会被省略:
Should we begin soon? Yes, we ought to. 我们马上开始吗? 是的,我们马上开始。
Oughtn't we be going soon?难道我们不马上走吗?
should, ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
1) should, ought to表示"应该",ought to表示义务或责任,比should语气重。
1. I should help her because she is in trouble.
2. You ought to take care of the baby.
2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用,但在疑问句中常用should。
1. You should / ought to go to class right away.
2. Should I open the window?
3) 表示推测
should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。
1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)
2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)
3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)
4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)
should 和ought to
表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强
带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be used to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用have。









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