【专题眺望】

知能目标： ① 状语从句中从属连词的正确使用。

② 主从句动词时态的一致性。

③ 状语从句中的省略现象。

④ 状语从句与其他从句、非谓语动词作状语之间结构上的区别和相互转换。

命题规律： 状语从句在单项选择中的比重有所增大。侧重考查状语从句中的连词的选用，尤其是一些较特殊的连词、连词词组的含义和用法，如in case, on condition that, the moment, however等，主从句的时态呼应也是考查的重点。

【知识结构】

类型连词

时间状语when, as, while, before, after, since, once, till, until, once, as soon as, hardly… when…, no sooner… than, the moment等

原因状语because, as, since, now that, if/ when

地点状语where, wherever

条件状语if, unless, as long as, as far as, in case, supposing, on condition that, provided(that)

让步状语(al)though, as, even if, however, whatever, no matter…, whether… or等

结果状语so that, so… that, such… that

目的状语in case, for fear that, so

方式状语as, just as, as if(though)

比较状语as… as, than, the more… the more等

【重难点透析】

1. 时态呼应注意点

① 状语从句用一般现在时表将来、用现在完成时表示将来完成时。如：

She will get married when she meets the right man.

We won't climb up the mountain until rain has stopped.  

② 在表示"刚……就……"的句型 hardly… when… 和 no sooner … than … 中，主句常用过去完成时，从句常用一般过去时，如果否定词置于句首，主句可用倒装结构。如：

Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise. 

③ It is +段时间+since从句，从句里用过去时，It was +段时间+since从句，从句里用过去完成时，since与短暂性动词连用时，表示动作的开始，since与延续性动词连用表示该动作的结束，翻译时通常译成该动词的反义词。

    How have you been since I saw you last time? (自从我上次见到你以后，你一向还好吗 ? )

    It is (has been) just a month since he arrived here. (他来这里已经有一月了。)

    It is five years since I lived in Nanchang. (自从我不住在南昌以来已经5年了。)

    It is five years since I began to live in Nanchang. (自从我住在南昌以来已经5年了。)

    I haven't heard from him since I lived in Nanchang. (自从我离开南昌以来，已经5年了。)

2. before的翻译较灵活，现将其译法归纳如下

①"在以前"，这时主句的动作发生在前，从句的动作在后

②"（后）才"，此时强调从句动作发生得晚或慢，主句的动作延续时间较长

③"就；便；快"，此时主句中的谓语动词为否定形式

④"未就；还没来得及就"，强调从句动作发生之前主句动作已经发生

⑤"趁着" ⑥在某些习语中还可译成"先…（然）后；先…再"。如：

Before I go to the cinema, I must finish my homework. 我必须在去看电影之前做完作业。

We had sailed for two days before we saw land. 我们航行了两天才看见陆地。

It was not long before the Swiss rose up and drove the Austrian soldiers out of their country. 不久，瑞士人就举行起义，把奥地利人赶出了他们的家园。

The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby. 他还没来得及冲进屋子去救他的孩子，房顶就塌下来了。

I must write it down before I forget it. 趁我还没忘记，我得把它写下来。

Think before you leap. 三思而后行。

3. 原因状语从句的引导词because, since 和 as 的用法

because引导原因状语从句，语气最强，用来回答why的提问，放在主句的前后均可。

as 引导原因状语从句，语气比because弱，常译为"由于"，只是附带说明，一般放在主句前面。

since 表示已知的或众所周知的原因，常译为"既然"，相当于now that。

注意在强调句中，只能用because。because of后边跟名词或代词。

关于表原因并列连词for 引导的分句，主要是补充说明原因，解释另一分句，不可回答 why 的问句。例如： 

I married her, not because she was rich, but because she was good - natured, clever and beautiful. 

Since you don't understand, I will explain it again. 

He felt no fear, for he is brave. 

4. 比较while, when, as 

 ① as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

② 当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。

  When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.

③ 从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as，不用when 或while。

　As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

5. 比较until和till 

  此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时"，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事"。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。

肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

　       Wait till I call you.　 等着我叫你。　 

否定句： She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6点才到。

　       Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。

　       I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。

1) Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。

　　Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。

2) Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。

　 ---Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么时候？ --- Until next Monday.　呆到下周一。　

注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。

1). Not until …在句首，主句用倒装。

　　Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.

　　直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。

　　Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 

　 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。

2). It is not until… that… 强调句

   It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.

6. though的用法

① though  conj."虽然；尽管"（不与but连用，但可以跟yet, still连用）；表示 "然而"时是副词（在句尾），如：

Though we are poor, we are still happy. 虽然我们穷，我们还是很幸福。

Though it's hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是个苦差事，我喜欢。

He promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 他答应打电话的，然而我什么也没听到。

② as/though引导的让步状语从句用部分倒装。可以把表语提前，也可以把状语提前，有时把谓语提前。若表语是名词时，名词前常省略冠词。如：

Child as/though he is, he knows a lot.虽然他是个孩子，他懂得许多。

Much as/though I like it, I don't want to buy it.尽管我很喜欢，我还是不会买的。

Try as/though he might, he wouldn't succeed.他试了也不会成功。

③ as though就象；仿佛 = as if； even though即使；尽管 = even if ， 例如： 

You sound as though/if you've caught a cold.你的声音听起来好像得了感冒。

  Even though/if we achieve great successes in our work, we should not be conceited. 即使我们在工作中取得了很大成绩，我们也不该自满。

7.  no matter wh- 和 wh-ever用法

no matter wh- 后面跟从句不跟短语， whatever/whoever/whichever除了引导让步状语从句外，还可以引导名词性从句，而whenever/wherever/however只能引导让步状语从句。

8. 让步状语从句中的倒装形式为：

1) 强调对象＋as/though＋主语＋其它部分，强调对象可以是表语(名词，形容词)或状语(副词)。表语为名词时，前面通常不用冠词。 例如： 

Tired as he is, he goes on with his work.

Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.

Child as he is, he knows how to please the others. 

2)  be＋主语＋or连接的两个表语。这个句型相当于whether…or…引导的让步从句。 例如： 

Be it cheap or dear, I will take it. = Whether it is cheap or dear, I will take it.

9. 表示"一…就…"的结构 

  hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思，例如：

　I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.

　I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

　As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：

　Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.

　No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

10. 状语从句的省略情况如下

一般来说，省略现象出现于五种状语从句中

①when, while, as, before, after, till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句

②if, unless, whether等引导的条件状语从句

③though, although, even if, whatever等引导的让步状语从句

④as, than引导的比较状语从句

⑤as, as if, as though引导的方式状语从句

遵循的原则

当从句与主句的主语或宾语一致，且从句谓语为be时，可将从句主语及be省略。

当从句的主语是it，且从句谓语含有be时，可将it及be省略。

当so或not代替上文内容，此时可有if + so/not句式

常见的结构

连词(as, as if, once)+名词

连词(though, whether, when)+形容词

连词(whether, as if, while)+介词短语

连词(when, while, though)+现在分词

连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+过去分词

连词(as if, as though)+不定式

例句： Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.

He looked everywhere as if (he was) in search of something.

While (I was) walking along the street, I heard my name called.

The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.

He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.

Her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.

Unless (it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary.

Get up early tomorrow. If not (= If you don't get up early), you will miss the first bus.

He may not be at home then, if so (= if he is not at home), leave him a note.

11.  if引导的虚拟条件状语从句的动词形式变化如下表

所述情况if条件从句中的谓语动词形式主句的谓语动词形式

与现在事实相反1、行为动词用did形式

2、be动词用wereshould/would/could/might +动词原形

与将来事实相反1、行为动词用did形式

2、should+动词原形

3、were to+动词原形should/would/could/might +动词原形

与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have done

【经典例题点评】

 （2003春招）---- Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?

  ---- Yes. He had never praised him ____ he became one of the top student in his grade.    

  A. after  B. unless C. untilD. when

命题意图 考查复合句中状语从句与主句的逻辑关系。

解题思路 根据句意"父亲对他很严格，直到他成为年级里最好的学生是才表扬他"，选项中的四个连词只      有until符合题意，引导的是个时间状语从句。unless相当于if not"除非；如果不"，引导条件状语从句

正确答案 C

技巧点拨 要熟练掌握连词的基本含义和用法。

举一反三

1. （2004四川）______ you call me to say you' re not coming, I'll see you at the theatre.

A. Though      B. Whether   C. Until       D. Unless

2. I would appreciate it ______ you call back this afternoon for the doctor's appointment.

  A. untilB. ifC. whenD. that

3. The company has a free long-distance telephone number ______ customers may call with any question they have about in its products.

  A. so that  B. although  C. as D. even if

 （2004上海）Although he has lived with us for years, he ________ us much impression.

     A. hadn't left               B. didn't leave    C. doesn't leave             D. hasn't left

命题意图 考查主从句中的时态。

解题思路 上文中的完成时，对下文是暗示：尽管和我们已经一块住了多年，但是他还是没给我们留下什么印象。

正确答案 D 

技巧点拨 主从句的时态要前后呼应。

举一反三

4. ---- Put these glasses away before they ______.   ---- OK. I'll put them in the cupboard.

  A. have broken     B. are breaking  C. get broken      D. will be broken

5. If you had told me about your problem, I _____ able to help you.

  A. may be        B. might be  C. may have been  D. might have been

6. All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness _______ .

A. has grown     B. is growing     C. grew     D. had grown  

 （2004上海）________, I have to put it away and focus my attention on study this week.

     A. However the story is amusing     B No matter amusing the story is

     C. However amusing the story is     D. No matter how the story is amusing

命题意图 考查让步状语从句中的语序。

解题思路 however （No matter how）引导状语从句，从句中语序与感叹句相同。No matter后面要先加上疑问词。

正确答案 C

技巧点拨 从句中（除非倒装句）都用陈述语气。

举一反三

7. Although he is considered a great writer, ______.

  A. his works are not widely read  B. but his works are not widely read

  C. however his works are not widely read  D. still his works are not wide read

8. Yesterday I was walking downstairs when I missed my foot and had a bad fall, nothing serious, ______.

  A. even   B. either   C. then   D. though

9. _____ sick or well, the old man is always cheerful.

  A. Either  B. No matter  C. Even if  D. Whether

 ______, I'll tell you all about it.

  A. If I am possibleB. If necessary  C. When they are necessary  D. When I am necessary

命题意图 考查状语从句的省略形式。

解题思路 材料中是个省略从句的形式，完整的表达形式是If it is necessary。当主从句主语一致或从句主语是it，谓语是be的时间、地点、方式或让步状语从句，则从句中的主语连同be可以一起省去，如：if/when/unless possible (necessary, invited…等)。可用这种结构的还有when, after, once, until, though, as, since等，如：

(When you are)Far away from home you should take more care of yourself.

As a boy (As he was a boy), he loved collecting stamps.

正确答案 B

技巧点拨 正确判断主从句的主语和谓语，再考虑是否符合省略条件。

举一反三

10. ---- Will you go to Mary's birthday party?   ---- No, _____ invited, I can't go to it. I'll be too busy then.

  A. if  B. unless  C. even though  D. when

11. Father advised me not to say anything until _______ at the meeting. 

     A. asking     B. to ask     C. asked     D. ask

12. Mr. Black, _______ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced law in Missouri. 

     A. was     B. he was     C. although     D. who he was

 （2004江苏）       I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.

     A. While      B. Since     C. Before     D. Unless

命题意图 考查常见关联词的特殊意义。

解题思路 从句意来看应该有让步含义，"尽管我承认他并不完美，我确实喜欢这个人"。while可用作并列连词，还可以引导让步状语从句，表示"虽然；但；然而"，其他选项并无此用法。

正确答案 A

技巧点拨 熟悉常用关联词的不同含义和用法，才能适应高考试题的广度和深度。

举一反三

13. I thought he would be dressed in his new brown coat, ______, in fact, he was still dressed in that ole blue one.

A. thatB. whichC. asD. while

14. _____ you understand the rule, you will have no further difficulty.

  A. While   B. Once   C. Though    D. Unless

15. ---- Our journey cost a lot of money.   ---- Did it? Well, that doesn't matter ______ you enjoyed yourselves.   A. as far as        B. unless  C. as long as    D. in case

 ______, I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.

  A. As long as I have traveled  B. Now that I have traveled so much

  C. Much as I have traveled  D. As I have traveled so much

命题意图 考查"副词/名词+as"位于句首时引导的让步状语从句。

解题思路 理解句子的意思是解题的关键，这是个主从复合句，前后有转折关系，"尽管我游历过很多地方，但从未见过约翰这样能干的人"。注意：名词作表语位于句首时，零冠词现象，如：Child as he is, he knows a lot.

正确答案 C

技巧点拨 熟悉状语从句的让步结构和倒装句结构。

举一反三

16. _____ the Egyptian people were warlike, they found time for peaceful games.

  A. As if          B. Even though    C. Once          D. As soon as

17. ---- The weather report said that there is rain today.

   ---- But I don't think the football match will be put off _____.

  A. although            B. even so     C. even though         D. as though

18. We'll have to finish the job, ______.           

A. long it takes howeverB. it takes however long  C. long however it takes D. however long it takes

答案与提示

1-5. DBACD 6-10. CADDC 11-15. CCDBC 16-18. BBD

1. 根据句意"除非你打电话告诉我你不来了，否则我在戏院与你碰头"。其他选项都有逻辑问题。

2.  从I would appreciate it"我会非常感激"，可知后面是个条件状语从句。表示"感激"的还有：be thankful/grateful to sb. for sth. 注意：appreciate后面不用人作宾语。

3. 本句意思"这家公司有一个免费的长途电话号码，以便客户对产品有问题的时候可以打电话询问"，so that引导目的状语从句，although, even if引导让步状语从句，as引导原因状语从句。

4. 主句是个祈使句表示建议，是指尚未进行的动作，因此before从句里用一般现在时来表示将来时，这时before从句意思是"趁着还没打破"。

5. 本题考查if引导的虚拟条件状语从句。本句的意思是"你要是（当时）告诉我你的问题，可能我能帮助你"。

6. 由从句时态可知主句也应该用过去时态，此题中as 应译为"当…的时候"，所以过去式最合适。

7. 排除B，因although/though不能与but连用，排除C，因结构错误，排除D，表示"广泛地"要用widely。

8. 本句从意思上看前后有转折，只有though合适。though用在句子末尾，表示"尽管如此；然而"。

9. 本题中whether引导表示让步的状语从句，意思是"无论是否；不管是…还是…"。

10. 根据I can't go to it. I'll be very busy then可知前句表示"即使受到邀请也不去"，因此选even though = even if，而且这是个省略句。

11. until asked = until I was asked

12. 此处省略了he was。

13. while在本题中是并列连词，"然而"。

14. once在本题中意思是"一旦就"，是连词，后跟从句，表示条件。

15. 连词词组as far as"就…之限度；在…范围内"；as/so long as"只要；如果"；根据句意应该是"只要玩得开心，花些钱没关系"，显然是表示条件，用as long as。

16. 前半句是"埃及人民将面临战争"，后半句意思是"他们依然能找到时间玩一些和平的游戏"，前后文有意思上的转折，只有even though"尽管；即使"= even if才合题意。

17. even so"即使如此"，第二个人认为"即使这样运动会也不会延期"。

18. however, whatever引导让步状语从句时，与其被修饰的词放在主谓前面，不倒装。

【探究小课堂】

探究主题 如何掌握部分从属连词的多义性

探究材料 Why do you want a new job ______ you've got such a good one already?

　　A . that B . where C . which D . when

探究导航 正确答案是D。此题考查的是从属连词 when 的用法。但是通过题干意义可知，这里的 when 并不是我们平时常用的意义"当……的时候"，而是"既然"的意思，相当于"since"。其实从属连词中有不少象 　when 这样的词，具有多义性。本文就这一问题作一归纳。

　　一、when

　　1 . 表示时间，意思是"当……的时候"。例如：　　

　　The fire was put out when they came . 他们来到的时候，大火已经被扑灭了。

　　2 . 表示条件，意思是"如果……，要是……"例如：

　　When the weather is good , I usually go to the country .

　　Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine . 

　　3 . 表示原因，意思是"既然"。例如：

　　How can he succeed when he won't work?

　　Why do we take the flag down at night , when we just have to put it up again in the morning?

　　4 . 表示让步，意思是"虽然，然而，可是"。例如：

　　He walks when he might ride .

　　We have only three chairs when we need five . 

二、while　

　　1 . 表示时间，意思是"当……的时候"，"和……同时"。例如：

　　We waited while he dined .

　　Please be quiet while I am talking to you . 

　　2 . 表示让步，意思是"虽然，尽管"。例如：

　　While I understand what you say , I can't agree with you . 

　　While he is respected , he is not liked .

　　3 . 表示对比，意思是"而，然而"。例如：

　　She is very diligent , while he is very lazy .

　　You like sports , while I'd rather read . 

　　三、If

　　1 . 表示条件或假设，意思是"如果，假如"。例如：

　　We'll stay at home if it rains tomorrow .

　　If I were you , I would not go . 

　　2 . 表示让步，意思是"虽然，即使"。例如：

　　I will go if I die for it .

　　If I am wrong , you come wrong , too . 

　　3 . 表示时间，意思是"无论何时，当……"，相当于 whenever。例如：

If I do not understand what he says , I always ask him . 

　　If winter comes , can spring be far behind?

　　4 . 表示原因，意思是"既然"。例如：

　　If you don't like the job , why don't you change it?

　　四、as long as , so long as

　　1 . 表示时间，意思是"达……之久"。例如：

You can keep the book as long as you like .

　　During the holidays , I like to stay in the countryside as long as I can . 

　　2 . 表示条件，意思是"只要"。例如：

　　As long as you tell truth , I'll try to help you . 

　　You may take this book away so long as you return it on time . 

　　3 . 表示原因，意思是"既然，由于，因为"。例如：

　　So long as the weather is changeable these days , we'd better get in wheat in time .　

　　So long as you are going to town tomorrow , you can do something for me . 

　　五、since

　　1 . 表示时间，意思是"自从……以来"。例如：

　　I haven't heard from him since he left . 

　　It is ten years since he joined the army .

　　2 . 表示原因，意思是"既然"。例如：

　　Since this method doesn't work , let's try another . 

　　七、so that

　　1 . 表示目的，意思是"以便，为了"。例如：

　　They started off early so that they could get there in time . 

　　The student worked hard so that he might learn more . 

　　2 . 表示结果，意思是"因此，结果是"。例如：

　　I went to the lecture early so that I got a good seat . 

　　He spoke clearly , so that everyone heard .

【专题训练】

基础题

1. He realized that she was crying ______ he had said.

  A. because whatB. because of what  C. because that     D. because

2. It ______ long before we ______ the result of the experiment.

  A. will not be; will knowB. is; will know   C. will not be; know     D. is; know

3. He was about to tell me the secret ______ someone patted him on the shoulder.

  A. asB. untilC. whileD. when

4. _____ there is a will, there is a way.

  A. That      B. Where     C. The place where    D. At the place

5. ---- When will you come to see me, Dad? ---- I will go to see you when you _____ the training course.

  A. will have finished B. will finish   C. are finishing   D. finish

6. You should make it a rule to leave things _____ you can find them again.

  A. whenB. whereC. thenD. there

7. ---- Shall Mary come and play computer games?   ---- No, ______ she has finished her homework.

  A. when   B. if  C. unless   D. once

8. I shall ring you up ______ you should forgot it.

  A. in case of     B. in caseC. in no caseD. in that case

9. He was working at a new book ______ I went to see him.

  A. first time     B. for the first time  C. by the first time D. the first time

10. _____, you mustn't go against the rules.

  A. No matter what to do     B. Whatever to do   C. What you do     D. Whatever you do

11. ---- Why haven't I seen Jerry recently?   ---- Oh, because it is two weeks since she _____ here.

  A. lived   B. got   C. has lived  D. had got

12. I caught the last bus from the town, yet Henry came home _____ that night.

  A. very late       B. even later  C. so late         D. the latest

13. Mrs. Smith locked both the front and the back doors before she went to bed _____ that a thief might steal into the house.

  A. so    B. for fear    C. unless    D. in case

14. We hadn't been out for long, _____ she felt sick.

  A. as    B. when    C. while    D. after

15. We were just _____ calling you up _____ you come in.

  A. about; when      B. beginning; while  C. on the point of; when  D. out of; as

拓展题

16. ---- I'm going to the post office.  ---- _____ you're there, can you get me some stamps?

  A. AsB. While C. Because  D. If

17. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting _____ you don't mind taking the night train.

  A. on condition that      B. unless

  C. though              D. until

18. The gas must have been used up, _____ the fire went out of itself. 

  A. because   B. as    C. for   D. since

19. He _____ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.

  A. has no sooner got     B. no sooner got  C. will no sooner getD. had no sooner got

20. Ants are the most common life form on earth. ____ tiny, their combined weight is greater than that of the combined weight of all humans.

  A. Though          B. Even    C. Even though       D. As if

21. Kathy and Anne looked _____ they were twins, for they looked so much _____ each other.

  A. like; same       B. as; like  C. if; the same       D. as if; like

22. ---- When did he leave the classroom?  ---- He left _____ you turned back to write on the blackboard.

  A. the minute         B. the time  C. until              D. before

23. I thought things would get better, but _____ it is they are getting worse.

  A. before  B. because  C. as   D. after

24. ---- I've got _____ I am by hard work.   ---- No, you didn't. You got _____ with your father's money.

  A. there; where        B. where; there  C. there; there;         D. where; where

25. If the building project ______ by the end of this month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.

  A. to be completed       B. is completed  C. being completed       D. completed

26. I was half way back to the cottage where my mother lived _____ Susan caught up with me.

  A. before     B. where      C. when   D. that

27. Some people object to the research on cloning human embryo（胚胎）, ______ its purpose is.

  A. whatever  B. what  C. which   D. whoever

28. I regret not having taken your advice. Otherwise I _____ this mistake.

  A. didn't make         B. wouldn't make  C. hadn't make         D. wouldn't have make

29. As far as we know, Tom spends at least as much time watching TV as he _____.

  A. does writing       B. writes  C. writing           D. does to write

30. I'd get it for you _____ I could remember who last borrowed it.

  A. except that         B. if only  C. on condition that    D. considering whether

状语从句1-5. BCDBD 6-10. BCBDD 11-15. ABBBC 16-20. BACDA 21-25. DACBA  26-30. CADAB